Top 8 80s Solo Songs by Members of the Eagles

The Personification of Family - 799 Words

The Personification of Family â€Å"I have found the paradox, that if you love until it hurts, there can be no more hurt, only more love†. As humans we learn to accept those we love despite their strengths and weaknesses. We create bonds that go beyond logic and reasoning. Bonds that overpower the mind and with the proper time allow us to omit our pain. Love stands superior to all faults in a relationship. Such is the imperfection of love that without experiencing pain, love is never really understood. In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller presents Linda, the heart of the Loman family, as a mother figure that agrees with Mother Teresa’s quote. Linda is compassionate, understanding, and loving towards Willy, however she is seen as the family†¦show more content†¦Idolizing Ben, Willy too wants â€Å"to walk into the jungle† and become rich and with time learns to regret his decision, leaving Linda in regret. So with comfort she encourages him to believe in his illusions, in a way tha t caused her to retaliate in response to his failures. In addition when he starts realizing he’s a â€Å"pitiful adventurer of the road†, Linda makes excuses out of pity. Quick to jump to conclusions and make false accusations, Linda blames â€Å"the steering† and his â€Å"glasses† when Willy can’t seem to keep his mind on the road and returns home early from his business trip. â€Å"You didn’t rest your mind† Linda explains as Willy tries to remember what went wrong. His inevitable memories of his long ago affair with Miss Frances, allows Willy to admit â€Å"It’s me†. Feeling impotent Linda tells him to â€Å"just try to relax†. However, knowing that he is unable to work and borrows money from Charlie to provide for her, Linda can be described as â€Å"a blind leader of the blind†. Becoming aware of his ‘accidental’ crashes and the line attachment to the gas pipe, she is unable to explain re ality to him and creates a false world in which she ignores his suicidal attempts. However by not mentioning his stupidity she allows Willy to believe he is â€Å"†¦worth more dead than alive.† Without a doubt, however, Linda is an admirable wife. She is an amiable and sympathetic person who protects her husband from heartbreak and disappointment. And although her excessiveShow MoreRelatedPoetry and Schizophrenia726 Words   |  3 Pageslike similes, metaphors, personification, rhymes, and imagery to get their themes or meanings across to the reader. In the poem â€Å"Schizophrenia†, Jim Stevens uses personification of the house to give the poem its overall meaning. Personification and symbolism are the most important poetic elements to â€Å"Schizophrenia† because they are used to describe how the house can never be the same after the effects of schizophrenia and how the house personifies and symbolizes a family and the person with schizophreniaRead MoreAnalysis Of Sylvia Plaths Tulips831 Words   |  4 Pagesspeaker in the poem is in a hospital room, separate from their family. No one is present in the white hospital room, except for the speaker and the t ulips. The room is peaceful and allows the speaker to enjoy a lack of commitment towards anything. Unfortunately for the speaker, the tulips in the room remind the speaker of their life and bind the speaker to their responsibilities. In Sylvia Plath’s â€Å"Tulips,† color symbolism and personification contrast the peace of disconnection and commitments in lifeRead More Abandonment and Struggle on a Farm1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe house and the family that lived in it through inanimate objects as well as the condition of the house and surrounding farmland. Using figurative language devices such as simile, metaphor, and personification Kooser allows the reader to draw their own conclusions. As well, Kooser allows the reader to fill in the gaps in his writing, however, he creates themes in this poem that are hard to ignore and thus they must be acknowledged. Themes of abandonment and a struggling family are prevalent in â€Å"AbandonedRead MoreAre You My Mother?993 Wo rds   |  4 Pagesend, the hatchling sees a crane and this crane miraculously led him back to the nest that he was born in. As he returns to the nest, his mother also comes back and introduces herself and finally reunite. In this book Dr. Eastman uses picture, personification, repetition and pathos, to illustrate that children, who grows up without their biological mother or father, seeks to know who their parents are and to allow parents know that their child would like to know them. In the beginning of the bookRead MoreEssay On Emily Dickinson1034 Words   |  5 Pageswho used her previously devastating personal experiences to enhance her poems. Emily Dickinson was born on December 10th, 1830 to Edward and Emily Dickinson in Amherst, Massachusetts. In the year 1833, her little sister Lavinia was born into the family. During February of 1852, A Valentine was published in the Springfield Republican. That was one of the first poems that she had written. Emily Dickinson was an amazing poet that wrote one thousand, eight hundred poems. Nine hundred of those poemsRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury And Ursula Le Guin1385 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies and modes contribute to the overall role of the protagonists. Ray Bradbury uses personification and the rhetorical mode of pathos to convey the oblivious suffering that the protagonist, the â€Å"smart house†, undergoes. Ursula Le Guin utilizes diction and the rhetorical mode of pathos to demonstrate the society’s dependency on the life of a young, hopeless boy. Through the authors’ use of diction, personification, and the rhetorical mode of pathos, readers can view both short stories in a new criticismRead MoreJohn Updikes Poem Ex-Basketball Player1225 Words   |  5 Pages(Preposition )to modern day gloom, he realistically develops the characterization of Flick. In his poem Ex-Basketball Player, John Updike uses personification along with allusions to improve characterization of Flick Webb and develop a somber tone of Flick Webb in his poem Ex-Basketball Player. In order to characterize Flick, Updike used personification to contrast Flick with his surroundings. In the poem, the speaker explains how Flick, the extraordinary basketball player,(Appositive) spends hisRead MoreThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet746 Words   |  3 Pagesbetween their two families. Their love is so strong that at the end of the story Romeo and Juliet both end up committing suicide because they can’t live without each other. Whether it is problems with love, or them complimenting each other on how they feel about the other person, Shakespeare uses many literary devices to make the reader dig deeper into the context to find the meaning behind the sentence. Some of the literary devices are; similes, metaphors, and personification. Shakespeare usesRead MoreThe Life Of Sylvia Path1212 Words   |  5 PagesMaster’s Degree in teaching and opted one of his father’s course†. â€Å"The grandparents of Otto wanted him to become a Lutheran minister and for the same reason he separated from them†. Three years later, her brother Warren was born. Afterward, her family had moved to Winthrop, Massachusetts in 1936. Most of Plath’s childhood was spent on Johnson Avenue. Eventually, her father, Otto Plath died on 5 November 1940 attending subtraction of the foot because of untreated diabetes. Her father fell sick soonRead MoreLiterary Elements In A Walk To The Jetty801 Words   |  4 Pagesprepared to leave her homeland and move onwards with her life by moving to England to become a nurse. As Annie was about to leave her resented homeland, she says, â€Å"‘I shall never see this again’ stabbed at me† (Kincaid 40). This is an example of personification because words cannot physically stab someone, but it could’ve meant that she felt some kind of mental discomfort after saying her piece of her mind. This shows that she’s afraid of going to leaving everything she knows behind in Antigua and start

Gerald Croft Essay Thesis Example For Students

Gerald Croft Essay Thesis Although this play was set in the year nineteen twelve, it was first performed in nineteen forty-five. This would enable the viewers to recognise foolish predictions made by characters in the play. When Birling says the Titanic is Unsinkable and that there is No chance of war, the audience would automatically recognise him as a character that has an overly confident view of the world. The play represents left wing views from The Inspector. Before he leaves in the end of Act Three, he says: We are all members of one body. We are not alone. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish. For those who had just experienced the Second World War and some, who had lived through the First World War, they would be emotionally struck by these words. The audience can infer from these words that The Inspector is wise. It is unsurprising that the play was first performed in Moscow, as Priestley wanted to show the play to those with left wing views before showing it to those with mixed political views. Goole is a strange name for an inspector as the name represents a spirit or phantom. Inspector Goole is an interesting character. Although he can be harsh, he can be reasonable, although he can be judgemental, he can be sympathetic. Most of all, Inspector Goole constantly demonstrates his omniscience and omnipotence, and creates an atmosphere of uncertainty around the Birling household. After showing Birling the photograph of Eva Smith, other characters request to see the photo. The Inspector says No as he will deal with, one line of inquiry at a time, which illustrate his complete control. When Sheila enters the room in Act One she asks The Inspector What is happening? The Inspector tells her that her father was involved with the suicide of a pregnant girl and says, Its not just your father whos involved, which suggests he is omniscient. The Inspector is also reasonable; when those who have admitted their guilt are prepared to face their responsibilities, he gives them an easier time and stands up for them. For those who dont admit their wrongdoing, The Inspector continues to judge them and attempts to force the truth out of them. On those who dont accept they have done wrong he is harsh, and vice-versa. The Inspector clearly displays Priestleys left wing views and voices his socialist ideas. Arthur Birling, in short, is a directly opposite character to The Inspector. Birling is a right-wing man and is strictly against communism. He is too conceited, and is too concerned with changing social class to care about other peoples misfortunes. The stage direction says, At the moment they are all having a good dinner and are pleased with themselves. Birling is particularly cheerful because his daughter, Sheila, is engaged to Gerald Croft who is in the aristocracy. This is excellent for the Birling family as theyre a socially mobile family. He also seems to think that he might find way into the next honours list. His aspirations are ironically undercut later in the play. Birling has no consideration for those less fortunate than himself. When The Inspector mentions Evas suicide in Act One, Birling says, Yes, yes. Horrid business, But I dont see why you should come here Shortly after this impatient reply, The Inspector reveals the name of the victim. Suddenly Birling starts to think and is then reminded by The Inspector that she was an ex-employee of his. Birling replies, It happened more than eighteen months ago nearly two years ago which implies that other problems may have entered her life that would have led her to suicide. Birling tries to distance the case from his concern to try to make himself appear innocent. The Inspector refuses this and says, What happened to her then may have determined what happened to her afterwards.

Medication Major Drug Group

Question: Discuss about theMedicationfor Major Drug Group. Answer: Introduction The table below summarizes the following five points relating to the drugs as: Glyceryl Trinitrate Warfarin Actrapid Insulin The five points below are thus indicated in a table form summary below: Major drug group or class these brand names come under What are the drugs prescribed for besides their common routes e.g. IV, imi, sc, po etc. How do these drugs work (mode of action) Common side effects alongside possible adverse interactions with other drugs Nursing implications DRUG Major drug group/class Common routes for administration Mode of action (how they work) Common side effects. Possible adverse interactions with other drugs Nursing implication and Consideration (what you need to know as a nurse administering this drug, both for you and the client) Glyceryl Trinitrate Nitrate Vasodilators Tablets Relaxing the body vessels of the heart. Reduce the heart strain making it easier to pump blood (Bullock, Manias Galbraith, 2007). Chest pain, angina symptoms, breathing difficulty, blue coloring of lips, eye blindness, speaking difficulty, slurred speech (Bullock, Manias Galbraith, 2007). Reacts with apormorphine, sildenafil and n-acetyl cysteine (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Not taken against sugar intolerance, alcoholic, effects on pregnancy (Bullock, Manias Galbraith, 2007). Ask whether on is under other drugs as acetylcysteine. Warfarin Vitamin K Antagonists Tablets and oral Liquids An anticoagulant hence reduce blood clot formation in veins and arteries through the blocking the formation of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factor Hives, breathing difficulty, swelling of face, lips, tongue or throat, pain, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, bloating, altered sense of taste (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Reacts with citalopram, paroxetine, vilazodone, venlafaxine Should not be taken under pregnancy unless the doctor measures Prothrombin frequently, ask if patient is under other drugs for treatment of TB, prevent blood clots, supplements containing vitamin K and antidepressant (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Actrapid Insulin Drug used in diabetes Oral Liquid Binding to insulin receptors on cells in the body by making cells in liver, muscles and fat tissues to raise the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream and reduce the production of glucose by the liver hence controlling the glucose level (Bullock, Manias Galbraith, 2007). Hypoglycaemia (common), skin thickening or pitting, redness, swelling at injection site, Excessive fluid retention (oedema), visual challenges and skin reactions such as itching, hives or rash (Bullock, Manias Galbraith, 2007). May be affected by ACE inhibitors like captopril, anabolic steroids e.g. stanozol, disopyramide, fibrates e.g. germfibrozil (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Not used in hypertensive to human insulin, pregnancy and breastfeeding The most Important Aspects of the Drug Administration Process? Correct computation of Dosage I will have to proactively prevent the occurrence of errors arising from miscomputation of incorrect dosages by making sure that I double check my computations. I always infer from the dosage information of the drug and where it is extreme, I will open up for consultation with a colleague (Crisp Taylor, 2009). In addition, I will always brush up my dosing knowledge and skills to achieve competency. Check the medication I have to remain certain of the expiry date of drugs and ascertain that it is yet to expire. I always scrutinize the labels against the order. I will ensure that I have proactively scrutinized medication features. I will always discard the unclear medication always found to appear cloudy and replace effectively (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Scrutinize Drug Interactions I will always remain keen to note that patients are prescribed a range of drugs simultaneously. Prior to administering a given drug, I will make sure I check the drug interactions for each medication as subsequently validate with the patients chart to gauge contraindications or special precautions to be altered. In addition I will be concerned with noting the history of patient preceding anaphylactic reactions (Crisp Taylor, 2009). Right Patient Checking the name on both order as well as the patient. Using two identifiers. Asking the patient to identify herself. Using technology like bar-code system if available Right Medication Checking the label of medication. Checking the order effectively. Right Dose Checking the order effectively. Confirmation of the does appropriateness based on the present reference of drug Calculating the dose alongside having another nurse calculating the dose concurrently (Bullock, Manias Galbraith, 2007). Right Route Checking the order as well as the route ordered appropriateness. Confirming if a patient can take as well as receive the medication based on the ordered route. What does A.P.I.N.C.H.S. stands for? A: Anti-infective P: Potassium and other electrolytes I: Insulin N: Narcotics and other Sedatives C: Chemotherapeutics agents H: Heparin and Other anticoagulants S: Systems References Bullock, S., Manias, E. Galbraith, A. (2007). Fundamentals of Pharmacology, (5th ed.). Sydney, Australia: Pearson Education. Read Shelf Life of Preparations?, Table 7.19, p 76 Crisp, J Taylor C. (2009). Pharmacokinetics as the basis of medication actions? pp. 730-731. (p. 821 823. 2013 version) Crisp, J Taylor C. (2009). Types of medication actions? through to the end of Medication dose responses?, pp. 732-734.(p. 823 824. 2013 version) Crisp, J Taylor C. (2009), "Complications of Intravenous Therapy", p. 1049 1056. (P.1242-1243. 2013 version) https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/medication-safety/medication-alerts/high-risk-medicines/

Nazi Idealogy Essay Example

Nazi Idealogy Essay Nazi Idealogy BY uzatr265 Nazi Ideology Nazism was never a coherent or uniform ideology ? » (Griffin). Jud]ment on the true nature of Nazi ideology is always diffuclt to make and easy to change, for this reason one can not affirm one of the above statements to be true, nor can one say that one of them is wrong, they are both right in one sense, wrong in another, all depending from which angle one looks at them. Nazi ideology was born out of the need to attract the widest range of people from the widest range of backrounds thus reating a diverse and contradicting ideology as the 25 points prove. At the same time Hitler created an ideology that he not only believed in but that also proved capable of achieving his personal ambitions. One of the difficulties in analysing Nazi ideology is distinguishing between real ideas that influenced political and economic theory and the propaganda distributed to the public. Many historians think of Nazi ideology as purely Fascist even as the model of Fascism while others tend to suggest that Nazism went a step further than Fascism : ? « [they] believed that the decadence as not only political and cultural, but biological and racial ? ». One could argue that Nazi ideology was an? « essentiely new, racist destructive philosophy ? ». One of the aspects of Nazi ideology which mark it as ? « new ? » is the presence of ? «ecstatic invocations of the spirit of modern technological warfare ? ». The Nazi military tradition was not a relic of the past, it was modern and its style was purely and soely Nazi. It also called for industrialisation and advance in science: two features of a society wishing to modernise itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Idealogy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Idealogy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nazi Idealogy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nazi ideology was most certainly racist, in its 25 points, the rights of Jews and other minority groups is dealt with in considerable detail so that the fourth point concludes with ? « Therefore no Jew can be considered to be a fellow German ? », its purpose was not as some people argue to affirm the superiority of the German people but to suppress all Jews for the sole reason of their religion, this is the definition of racism and can only be viewed as such. As a philosophy, the dominant side of Nazism was its destructive element: its ampaign against decadent art, its goal to destroy all literature which did not agree with, its views and foremost and uttermost the clinical elimination of all those whose lives were deemed not worth living or who were classed as subhuman. There was much diversity and contrast in Nazi ideology but can one call it ? « confused ? » ? It certainly adopted views that could be considered opposite however this seems to have been calculated by Hitler to attract the largest number of people possible. When one looks at Nazi ideology one can see very different sources for the ifferent points that are made thus we see v? ¶lkish nostalgia for the values ofa pre- urban, pre-Christian idyll and at the same time we feel the incredible presence of the spirit of modern technological warfare. While there were calls for the regeneration of peasantry there were also celebrations of industrial renovations, and at the same time there were strains of anti-capitalist socialism and stress for the studies of human and natural sciences. There was also a very primitive and mythical side to Nazism such as during their flame torch night, which brought on in most Germans a furious pride of being German and a Nazi. One can also prove that Hitler attempted to turn back the clock by the fact that he called his empire the ? « Third Reich However, the real aim of Nazism was not to turn back the clock or provide the German people with a new philosophy, its sole goal was to provide Hitler the means to fulfill his own personal goals ofa German Empire which like his ideology was neither totally new nor a vestige of the past. Nazism was shaped to please a wide range of people, in it one can find traces of socialism to attract the urban proletariat, romises of economic recovery and protection from the communist for the upper class and farmers and laws which favour capitalism for the middle class. Therefore one can not really say that the ideology presented in the 25 points demonstrate the Nazis real views if they have any past the Third Reich and their hatred of Jews. The Nazis did have some firm notions, they were obsessed with the decadence of liberalism, the threat posed to recovery by its Marxist alternative and the need for a national rebirth, a reawakening, a new order. These firm notions are the fascist spect of Nazism. Both of the statements can be argued to provide a convincing Judgment of the true nature of Nazi ideology however the first one suggests a truer or at least a less wrong version of it. However, Nazism did have some truly firm notions which constituted its fascist side obssessed with rebirth and war as Nazi leader Rosenberg proves when he writes : ? «A new age of German mysticism has dawned, the myth of blood and the myth of the free soul are awakening to new and conscious life ? ». (Rosenberg, Nazi leader in The myth of the twentieth Century).

Free Essays on Girls Night Out

Have you ever heard anyone say something like, â€Å"My life changed completely,† or maybe, â€Å"I am a completely different person now?† Well these people may have been telling you the truth and their lives may have changed completely, but the ultimate change of anyone’s life would be to become a member of the opposite gender. Yeah that’s right, a complete change in your gender. No matter who you are or what you do on an everyday basis, you would experience a tremendous change in your life if you became the opposite sex all of a sudden. Try to picture this; you are a twenty-year-old guy attending your sophomore year at college. You are brushing your teeth one late evening after studying for a big midterm, and you just happen to look into the mirror to see a young female staring at you. This girl isn‘t behind you looking in your eyes, it is actually you that is the girl. What would your life be like then? Well, I am about to give you a few insights on what you may experience in your new lifetime as a college female. My first feelings of being a woman would be pretty interesting, because every man out there has dreamed of being a woman at some point in their life or at least dreamed about what women think under certain circumstances. These thoughts would soon get old, and I would start to witness the real challenges of my new life and how I was going to cope with being a female. My college years would appear to become easier in some aspects. As a woman, I would practice the â€Å"traditional style† of behavior and make a guy approach me for a date or a conversation. There will be no approaching guys because I think they are hot, or because they are staring at my body. With this thought running through my head, I could sit back and relax and take my pick between the guys that had enough guts to ask me out on a date. This relieves a lot of stress and worries that I had when I was a guy, because guys always have to do ... Free Essays on Girls Night Out Free Essays on Girls Night Out Have you ever heard anyone say something like, â€Å"My life changed completely,† or maybe, â€Å"I am a completely different person now?† Well these people may have been telling you the truth and their lives may have changed completely, but the ultimate change of anyone’s life would be to become a member of the opposite gender. Yeah that’s right, a complete change in your gender. No matter who you are or what you do on an everyday basis, you would experience a tremendous change in your life if you became the opposite sex all of a sudden. Try to picture this; you are a twenty-year-old guy attending your sophomore year at college. You are brushing your teeth one late evening after studying for a big midterm, and you just happen to look into the mirror to see a young female staring at you. This girl isn‘t behind you looking in your eyes, it is actually you that is the girl. What would your life be like then? Well, I am about to give you a few insights on what you may experience in your new lifetime as a college female. My first feelings of being a woman would be pretty interesting, because every man out there has dreamed of being a woman at some point in their life or at least dreamed about what women think under certain circumstances. These thoughts would soon get old, and I would start to witness the real challenges of my new life and how I was going to cope with being a female. My college years would appear to become easier in some aspects. As a woman, I would practice the â€Å"traditional style† of behavior and make a guy approach me for a date or a conversation. There will be no approaching guys because I think they are hot, or because they are staring at my body. With this thought running through my head, I could sit back and relax and take my pick between the guys that had enough guts to ask me out on a date. This relieves a lot of stress and worries that I had when I was a guy, because guys always have to do ...

Qualitive Research Critique Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qualitive Critique - Research Paper Example This is done in order to study the perception of shift from the paper dependent system of documentation to electronic method of documentation (Kelley et al., 2011). The study design is descriptive in nature as it is based on observations and surveys. The application of the electronic system permits accurate documentation of the information’s regarding patients. The system is designed in such a way that the nurses are able to operate it efficiently and improve the flow of communication between the health centre, nurses, and patients. The electronic form of documentation also improves the final outcome that is the status of the patient’s heath when the person is discharged without any error (Kelley et al., 2011). The relationship between the nursing profession and electronic form of information recording is presented in the paper. The quality of the service provided to the patients is very essential for the overall success of the hospitality. The ‘Donabedian’s model of quality’ is used for the literature part as the model is familiar to most of the nurses as a method of data collection. The framework that presents the structure of the total work performed, the process followed and the ultimate result of the process implemented (Kelley et al., 2011). Moreover, questionnaire survey and interview was also conducted to derive accurate data from the respective sources. Many research papers of ‘Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed has been used in the articles. All the articles used are based on three components of Donabedian’s model. On the other hand, interview and questionnaire method is also used in the research to analyse the attitude of the nurses towards the electronic system (Kelley et al., 2011). Nursing documentation is a vital factor of nursing practice that needs maintenance for safety as well as ethics. The information

Individuals in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individuals in Organizations - Essay Example (2000) introduced the notion of a proactive employee as one who is highly committed and involved, an autonomous contributor who is highly responsible and has initiative. In order to enhance his individual experience and relationships at AMX, Dave Green has to become a proactive employee through applying the various skills important in increasing both intrapersonal and interpersonal effectiveness. Shockley-Zabalak (2011) identified four important skills in improving individual effectiveness: cultural intelligence, active listening, accepting diversity and descriptive message strategies. Shockley-Zabalak (2011) defines cultural intelligence as the ability of an individual to understand people’s behavior depending on human universal behaviors, specific human behaviors, and culture-dependent human behaviors. For Dave Green to understand human universal behavior, he has to understand how the various motivation theories relate to human behavior. Abraham Marslow proposed the Hierarchy of needs theory that suggests the pursuit of satisfaction is what shapes human behavior. He grouped several needs as they relate to human behavior in a hierarchical order from the most important to the least. The needs include psychological needs, safety and security, social belonging, prestige, and finally on top of the pyramid is self-actualization (Shockley-Zabalak, 2011). Here, Dave Green has to determine what is important and to what level does his personal needs affect his behavior as well as that of his team. He has to understand his team better in order to understand what motivates them and use this knowledge to form an efficient team. The motivation-hygiene theory proposed by Fredrick Herzberg stresses that human behavior is affected by both internal and external factors (Shockley-Zabalak, 2011). He proposed that factors such as salary, working conditions, interpersonal relations and supervision all affected the satisfaction levels of employees. For Dave Green to better

Are organizations rational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are organizations rational - Essay Example A rational organization is characterized by the desire of the organizational personnel to be efficient to their optimal tendency. The theory of rational organization considers the organization as a multipart mechanism (Sarfin, 2014). Managers need to regularly monitor the progress of work as well as the organizational culture and tweak any part whose functionality is lesser than maximum in order to increase the efficiency. An organization’s long-term development can be controlled and modified to achieve the goals. Two major elements that help characterize the rational systems include goal specificity and formalization (Monappa and Saiyadain, 1996, p. 5; Simon, 2001, p. 27). Goal specificity promotes the display of rational behavior in the organizations because specific goals guide the structural design so that the management can delineate the activities that need to be executed and the resources that have to be arranged (Triplett, 2007, p. 4). The attempt to increase the predictability of behavior through regulation and standardization is called as formulation. Formalization makes the organizational culture conducive for stable expectation that is rationality’s precondition. Rational system perspectives are related to four organizational theories’ schools, including Taylor’s Scientific Management, Fayol’s Administrative Theory, Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy, and Simon’s Theory of Administrative Behavior. â€Å"Rational models are best thought of as d escriptions of actions that will usually be compelling for most organizational audiences†¦but they are not necessarily the best basis for determining what managing actually consists of† (Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, 2011, p. 30). Through the scientific analysis of the activities executed by the organizational personnel on individual level, Taylor (2007) realized the best method that can be

Recruitment And Selection Policies For Companies Management Essay

Recruitment And Selection Policies For Companies Management Essay In order to compete successfully in a global market, more companies are beginning to focus on the role of human resources, most importantly on recruitment and selection as a critical part of their core competence and a source of competitive advantage. A good recruitment is very essential for an effective human resource management. According to Sparrow and Hiltrop (1994), the effectiveness of many other human resource activities, such as selection and training, depends largely on the quality of new employees attracted through the recruitment process. Also, Sparrow (2006) pointed out that the challenges for HR business partners in handling recruitment for an international organisation vary in each country, but a common need is the question of how to ensure rigour and consistency across operations in very different cultures, business markets and labour markets. 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Hiring competent individuals has always been and will always be of paramount importance to business organisations, which is highly dependent on the recruitment and selection, which aims to attract and retain high-quality individuals in order to achieve continued success within the organisations. The importance of recruitment and selection should never be ignored. One of the earliest management writers, Taylor F.W (1911) complained about the typical way individuals were selected based on who you knew or who was first in the queue. Taylor introduced the idea that people should be selected for their skills and abilities, which should be tested before the selection decision. Due to the increase in internalisation, HR departments of multinational companies have put so much importance on the recruitment and selection of their staff, primarily because recruitment and selection is involved in making future predictions about future behaviour, so that decisions can be made about who will be most suitable for a particular job. 1.2 AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY I aim to analyse the recruitment and selection policies of Ernst Young (EY) and KPMG in their different subsidiaries which are Nigeria and Sierra Leone, and to build the concepts on human resource management literature, which will help me to analyse what these companies did well? What these companies did badly? How these companies can be improved? What lessons we can learn from these companies? Would the recruitment and selection methods change overtime for Ernst Young Nigeria and KPMG Sierra Leone in the likely future?. 1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The importance of this study/paper is to explain and persuade my readers on the importance of an effective recruitment and selection policies from my analysis of Ernst Young Nigeria and KPMG Sierra Leone. 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY According to Lee (1989) research is a systematic quest for undiscovered knowledge. The result of the pursuit of this knowledge is known as research. I would be carrying out a case study on Ernst Young and KPMG in their foreign subsidiaries; which are Nigeria and Sierra Leone and to carry out an analysis on the recruitment and selection policies used. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW There are many previous studies and literature concerning recruitment and selection, this review will aim to expand on these and use the concepts of human resource management literature to offer a diverse understanding. Recruitment is defined as searching for and obtaining potential job candidates in sufficient numbers and quality so that the organisation can select the most appropriate people to fill its job needs. Selection is the process of gathering information for the purposes of evaluating and deciding who should be employed in particular jobs. With that said, every organisation has to recruit workers, select them, pay them, and also motivate them and in the long run eventually arrange for their retirement or departure. However, things are done differently in different countries; not only do they have different cultures (the foreign subsidiaries am analysing are Nigeria and Sierra Leone which are Wes-African countries), they also operate with different educated and skilled workforces, and in different economic situations, with different labour laws, government support or control and so on. Recruitment and selection vary across different countries, in HRM there are the concepts of international and comparative human resource management, and there is a distinction between Comparative HRM and International HRM which was made clear by Boxall (1995). Comparative human resource management explores the extent to which HRM differs between different countries or between different areas within a country or different regions of the world (Brewster and Larsen, 2000). Comparative human resource management is telling us that employment systems differ noticeably between countries and that managing human resources has to vary from country to country. 2.1 INTERNATIONAL HRM In international HRM, which is the basis of this paper, primarily because it seeks to understand the approaches used in the management of employees by multinational companies in their subsidiaries. For these international organisations, human resource management is a key to success. International HRM examines the way organisations manage their human resources across these different national contexts. According to Brewster and Lee (2006), international organisations have employees who work across national borders. In international HRM, there are staffing issues that internationalizing companies encounter that are either not present in a domestic environment, or are complicated by the international context in which these human resource activities take place and how subsidiaries respond. There are four (4) main approaches in which multinational companies deal with the management of employees in their foreign subsidiaries, these approaches were developed in the international business strategy literature which focused on human resource management and was carried out by Perlmutter (1969) and Heenan Perlmutter (1979) these approaches are; Ethnocentric, Polycentric, Regiocentric and Geocentric approaches. In the Ethnocentric Approach; in this approach the strategic decisions are made at headquarters, few foreign subsidiaries have any autonomy. Key positions at the foreign operations are held by headquarters management personnel, this type of approach is common at the early stages of internationalisation because of the need to maintain good communication, co-ordination, and control links with corporate headquarters, subsidiaries are usually managed by expatriates from the parent country (PCNs). A common disadvantage to this approach is that the workers of the host country nationals (HCNs) feel inferior or cheated to the workers of the parent country nationals (PCNs) when salaries, compensation packages, company bonuses are compared. In the Polycentric Approach; in this approach the multinational company treats each subsidiary as a distinct national entity with some decision-making autonomy. Subsidiaries are usually managed by local nationals (HCNs) who are rarely promoted to positions at headquarters. Likewise parent country nationals (PCNs) are rarely transferred to foreign subsidiary operation. In this approach, there is continuity to the management of foreign subsidiaries, which avoids the turnover of key managers that, by its very nature results from an ethnocentric approach. However, the major difficulty with this approach is that of bridging the gap between the host country national (HCN) subsidiary managers and parent country national (PCN) managers at corporate headquarters. This approach will be further analysed in chapter 3. In the Regiocentric Approach; this approach is a reflection of the geographic strategy and structure of the multinational. Personnel may move outside their countries but generally only within a particular geographic region (e.g. Europe or Asia Pacific). In this approach, regional managers may not be promoted to headquarters position but enjoy a degree of regional autonomy in decision-making. In the Geocentric Approach; the multinational companies takes a worldwide stance in respect of its operations, it recognises that each part makes a unique contribution with its overall competence. It is usually accompanied by a worldwide integrated business, and nationality is ignored in favour of ability. Here, parent country nationals (PCNs), host country nationals (HCNs) and third country nationals (TCNs) can be found in key positions anywhere of the multinational, including those at the senior management level at headquarters, subsidiaries and on the board of directors. A common disadvantage to this approach is that it can be expensive to implement because it leads to an increase in training of workers and also the issue of relocation costs. The above literature illustrates the four (4) different approaches used by multinationals in the management of their employees in foreign subsidiaries, some authors believe the polycentric approach to be very global, in that, subsidiary managers are responsible for their own strategy and co-ordination is needed across multiple dimensions. However, there are critics such as Mayrhofer and Brewster (1996) who argue that the vast majority of firms are ethnocentric. These four (4) approaches provide an understanding of international human resource management (IHRM) within an organisation. 2.2 COMPARATIVE HRM There are also two (2) approaches to research and thinking in the field of HRM; due to the issue regarding whether HR practices can be transferred, these approaches are; the Universalist and the Contextual or in the terms of this chapter, the comparative (Brewster, 1999). These two (2) approaches are also reflected in the debate between the two (2) schools of thought that contest the notion of convergence. Some researchers argue that even when there are differences, they are reducing as the notion of globalisation becomes more established and societies are moving towards each other in the way they do things, also including the way they manage their human resources. Other researchers argue that there is little evidence of such a moving together and that, in fact, societies remain steadfastly different and even unique. The Universalist approach is very dominant in the USA but is widely used elsewhere. The main aim of the Universalist approach is to improve organisational performance and to achieve organisational goals in HRM, and in particular strategic human resource management (SHRM). The major problem with this approach, is that it operates only at the level of organisation, ignoring policy at the national or international level and because is dominant in the USA it therefore, pertains more to the USA and in reality, it fails to provide insights to different countries in their practice of HRM. In contrast, the Contextual approach or comparative searches for an overall understanding of what is contextually unique and why. It is more focused on understanding what is different between and within HRM in various contexts and what led to those differences. Most researchers working in this paradigm believe that it is the explanation that matters, any link to firm performance is secondary. Contextualist researchers study the importance of such factors as culture, ownership structures, labour market and so on which are the aspects of the subject rather than external influences upon it. At this point, is important to know that neither approach is right nor wrong, both approaches, and the others that exist in other parts of the world, have a contribution to make. However, in practice there are often debates between the different approaches used to understand the nature of human resource management. 2.3 DUNNING ECLECTIC THEORY From the concept of international HRM literature, we understand the four (4) approaches in which multinational companies manage their employees in foreign subsidiaries, however, to understand why these multinational companies decided to set up in foreign subsidiaries, can be better understood with the Dunnings Eclectic theory (Dunning, 1992) which usually involves an arising need to establish a corporate culture in their subsidiaries and also most importantly, to transfer knowledge from the parent country national (PCNs) to the host country national (HCNs) and third country national (TCNs) which involves the need for expatriates (number of people who are sent by multinational companies on foreign assignments on a short or long period of time). The Dunnings Eclectic theory explains the roles of expatriates, which are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To secure transfer of technology positions, as companies send the expatriates abroad in order to transfer their technology to the foreign subsidiary i.e. in countries where qualified people are not available, companies send the parent country nationals (PCNs) to fill out the positions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To secure the headquarter control, where the multinational companies can exercise this control by using the parent country nationals (PCNs) in their foreign subsidiaries. In such situations firms try to incorporate the headquarters culture into the foreign operations, which in some cases may create cultural problems. Especially when multinationals tend to demand administrative and financial control in their foreign operations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It leads to an opportunity for international experience or management development, several firms find international experience highly important before promoting their employees. Foreign transfers are here important in order to learn foreign cultures and environments. In such situations qualified host country nationals (HCNs) are available but managers are still transferred to foreign subsidiaries to acquire knowledge and skills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To help in organizational development, this could be called the Geocentric approach. This role is performed only by the best people at the best places without nationality barriers. Transfers can take place from headquarters to subsidiaries, from subsidiaries to headquarters, or from subsidiaries to subsidiaries. Nationality of employees does not matter in this situation, as the objective of this staffing strategy is to get to know about different cultures, create international networks, decentralization, and interaction between managers of different nationalities. In general, this strategy is mostly followed by larger global companies. However, multinational companies are increasingly adopting a strong global mindset and reducing the number of expatriates that are usually sent on foreign operations, which is usually costly for the multinational companies. Interestingly, multinational companies are beginning to recruit and select more of the local talents in their foreign subsidiaries and also ensuring that the top management in their foreign subsidiaries understand the headquarters desires and corporate vision and making sure it conforms in line with the headquarters. CHAPTER 3 ANALYTICAL THEORY In order to ensure successful business management, leading companies and organizations are implementing new policies, standards, procedures, ensuring space for new organisational cultures, business models, new projects and products. Yet, managing human resources is more challenging than we may even expect or even imagine and also, most importantly recruiting and selecting the right quantity and quality of staff into an organisation. The following analysis shall focus on the recruitment and selection of Ernst Young and KPMG in their foreign subsidiaries which are Nigeria and Sierra Leone. 3.1 ERNST YOUNG IN FOREIGN SUBSIDIARY- NIGERIA Ernst Young (EY) Quality In Everything We do is ranked as one of the largest professional services in the world and one of the big four (4) auditors. Ernst Young which was founded in 1989 due to a global merger between Ernst Whinney and Arthur Young, however, its individual components can be traced back to 1849. Its global headquarters is located in London, United Kingdom in the region of Europe, furthermore, Ernst Young is a global industry which offers these professional services; audit, tax, financial advisory and consultancy to their clients. Ernst Young (EY) Nigeria was set up in the year 1991, and has been in Nigeria for twenty-one (21) years. Ernst Young is one of the largest firms of chartered accountants and business advisers in Nigeria. Their clients include many multinational companies from all sectors of business. The firm also serves an impressive array of middle market and privately held companies, this structure allows Ernst Young Nigeria to be very responsive to both established businesses and emerging and developing businesses. Ernst Young Nigeria provides four (4) principal services to their clients; Advisory, Audit, Tax and Transaction services. As at time of writing this paper, Ernst Young Nigeria has a staff of 260 people including sixteen (16) partners, these partners are both Nigerians and Expatriates, the firm is administered by the Partners who occupy key positions in the firm and are responsible for making decisions on the strategic direction of the firm. The objective of the recruitment and selection policies of Ernst Young Nigeria is: To recruit and select people according to merit (quality of being particularly good or worthy) so as to ensure efficiency and effectiveness and also that the right people (in terms of qualification and experience) occupy the right positions at Ernst Young Nigeria. This objective has helped Ernst Young Nigeria recruit and select the best type of applicants into their organisation. The reasons for recruiting at Ernst Young Nigeria is either to fill a vacancy i.e. replace a member of staff who has resigned or to bring in a new member of staff to ease the workload in the team. There are various factors which usually affect the design and implementation of recruitment and selection policies of any organisation. As expected the problems encountered during the design and implementation of the recruitment and selection policies of Ernst Young Nigeria is not for public knowledge. However, I am very certain Ernst Young Nigeria faced some challenges in the design and implementation of their recruitment and selection policies at the initial stage such as total lack of knowledge of the labour market and also an important issue of corruption which seems to be crippling the Nigerian economy. 3.2 RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION POLICIES OF ERNST YOUNG IN NIGERIA This is carried out differently depending on the category of staff required, which are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Professionals These categories of staff are recruited either into the Audit, Advisory or Tax Departments. The three (3) different departments have different skill requirements. Application letters and CVs are lodged by applicants and are reviewed based on the different qualifications required by each department. The minimum qualification for this category is a first degree in any field, also, professional qualifications such as ACCA, CIMA or a Masters degree is usually an added advantage. After the recruitment process is carried out, the selection is carried out which is in form of an interview, an interview is conducted by either a Business Unit leader or Manager and the HR Head of Ernst Young Nigeria, to find out more about the individual and their experience, the chosen applicants are assessed during the interview to know if they have excellent communications skills. Depending on the position being interviewed for, applicants may be asked to answer a written test. If the candidate is found sui table, a second interview is arranged with the prospective Partner during which a discussion on the salary and terms of conditions of service for the position are also discussed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Trainees Prospective Trainee Accountants send their applications and CVs throughout the year to the company. These application letters are reviewed by members of the Human Resource department and applicants are short-listed if they meet Ernst Young (Nigeria) requirements which are as follows: i. Applicants must be aged a maximum of 25 if they are yet to start the professional examinations. ii. Applicants should preferably be graduates with good degrees; non-graduates are considered if they have started the professional exams already with good results. Applications are short-listed based on the above-mentioned criteria. Short-listed applicants are invited for a two (2) hour psychometric test. Those applicants who pass the test, are then selected and invited for an interview, this interview is conducted by a minimum of two (2) people including the HR Head and an Audit Manager. Applicants are expected to portray a commitment to the professional course they are pursuing with the intention of qualifying within the shortest possible time. This interview assesses the candidates communication skills, intelligence, and confidence. The interviewers must also be convinced that the candidate has the personality to fit into the Ernst Young Nigerias structure. Thereafter, a training program is run for Trainee Accountants by three (3) Audit professionals to get them familiarized with Ernst Young Audit methodology. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interns As part of Ernst Young Nigerias co-operate responsibilities, they offer internships/placement for graduates from recognized universities and polytechnics within Nigeria. This program should be over within three (3) months. To be eligible for the Internship Program, candidates must be in their third (3) year and possess a good predicated grade in their undergraduate degree with plans to pursue a career in audit, tax or advisory services. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Administrators à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secretaries For the administrative staff and secretaries at Ernst Young Nigeria, an informal method of recruitment is usually used through the form of personal recommendation, often referred to as word of mouth. Those applicants who are suitable are then interviewed by the HR head, which is a very common form of selection. Thereafter, an appointment letter is sent to the suitable candidate detailing the terms and conditions of service and the salary attached to the position. The employee is required to return a signed copy of this agreement on commencement of work. 3.3 RESULTS FROM ANALYSIS From the overall framework, structure and organisation of Ernst Young Nigeria, I would say the management and staffing of employees in this subsidiary is using the Geocentric approach due to the fact that key positions at the subsidiary (EY Nigeria) are occupied by nationals of the host country (HCNs) and nationals of the Parent country (PCNs) who are all highly competent employees. The Regiocentric approach is also used by Ernst Young Nigeria reasons being that some staff are transferred within the same geographic region; some of the staff at Ernst Young Nigeria are from other African countries specifically from Ghana, South Africa all within the same geographic region. Ernst Young Nigeria commonly uses the internet method of recruitment; this method ensures a large pool of applicants, from which the best applicants are selected from. However, I disagree with this method of recruitment for a country like Nigeria, because Nigeria does not yet have a truly web coverage, therefore, people dont usually have access to the internet to apply for these jobs, and sometimes come across these jobs after the closing dates. For the recruitment of the Trainee Accountants into Ernst Young Nigeria, one of the criteria is that applicants should be a maximum of 25years; I frown upon this criterion because it is indirect age discrimination and should not be practiced, this cannot be present in Ernst Youngs headquarters due to the government legislation which frowns against any form of age discrimination. 3.4 KPMG IN FOREIGN SUBSIDIARY- SIERRA LEONE KPMG (cutting through complexity) is ranked as one of the largest professional services in the world and one of the big four (4) auditors. KPMG is a merger of Peat Marwick International and Klynveld Main Goerdeler this merger was established in 1987, in consonance with a decision of the international council to have all affiliate firms adapt the name to underscore the advisory functions of this world-wide firm. Its global headquarters is located in Amstelveen; Netherland in the region of Europe, KPMG is a global industry which offers these professional services; audit, tax and advisory. Its advisory services are further divided into three service groups- Management Consulting, Risk Consulting, and Transaction Restructuring. KPMG Sierra Leone was established in the 1930s by Edward Casselton Elliot but was not known as KPMG. It was called Peat Marwick Casselton Elliot and CO and has been in Sierra Leone for about 80 years. KPMG is the largest firm of chartered accountants and business advisers in Sierra Leone. Their clients include many multinational companies from all sectors of business. The firm also serves an impressive array of middle market and privately held companies, this structure allows KPMG Sierra Leone to be very responsive to both established businesses and emerging and developing businesses. KPMG Sierra Leone provides three (3) principal services to their clients; Audit, Taxation and Advisory services. As at time of writing this paper, KPMG Sierra Leone has a staff of 120 people including three (3) partners namely; Vidal T.O. Decker (Senior Managing Partner), Claudius Williams-Tucker (Tax Peoples partner) and Derrick Kawaley (Audit partner) all nationals of Sierra Leone, the firm is admin istered by the Partners who occupy key positions in the firm and are responsible for making decisions on the strategic direction of the firm. The objective of the recruitment and selection policies of KPMG Sierra Leone is: To recruit and select people according to set competencies, competencies are defined as a combination of behaviours, knowledge, skills and personality attributes. This objective has helped KPMG Sierra Leone recruit and select the best type of applicants into their organisation. The reason for recruiting at KPMG Sierra Leone is either to fill a vacancy i.e. replace a member of staff who has resigned or to bring in a new member of staff to ease the workload in the team. There are various factors which usually affect the design and implementation of recruitment and selection policies of any organisation. As expected the problems encountered during the design and implementation of the recruitment and selection policies of KPMG Sierra Leone is not for public knowledge. However, I am very certain KPMG Sierra Leone faced some challenges in the design and implementation of their recruitment and selection policies at the initial stage such as total lack of knowledge of the labour market. 3.5 RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION POLICIES OF KPMG IN SIERRA LEONE This is carried out differently depending on the category of staff required, which are: Professionals These categories of staff are recruited either into the Audit, Advisory or Tax Departments. The three (3) different departments have different skill requirements. Application letters and CVs are lodged by applicants and are reviewed based on the different qualifications required by each department. The minimum qualification for this category is a first degree in any field, also, professional qualifications such as ACCA, CIMA or a Masters degree is usually an added advantage. After the recruitment process is carried out, the selection is carried out which is in form of an interview, an interview is conducted by either a Business Unit leader or Manager and the HR Head of KPMG Sierra Leone, to find out more about the individual and their experience, roles in KPMG have required competencies based on personal and technical skills. These are assessed during the interview together with communications skills. Depending on the position being interviewed for, applicants may be asked to answer a written test. If the candidate is found suitable, a second interview is arranged with the prospective Partner during which a discussion on the salary and terms of conditions of service for the position are also discussed. Trainees Prospective Trainee Accountants send their applications and CVs throughout the year to the firm. These application letters are reviewed by members of the Human Resource department and applicants are short-listed if they meet KPMG Sierra Leone requirements which are as follows: Applicants must be aged a maximum of 27 if they are yet to start the professional examinations. Applicants should preferably be graduates with good degrees; non-graduates are considered if they have started the professional exams already with good results. Applications are short-listed based on the above-mentioned criteria. Short-listed applicants are invited for a three (3) hour psychometric test. Those applicants who pass the test, are then selected and invited for an interview, this interview is conducted by a minimum of two (2) people including the HR Head and an Audit Manager. Applicants are expected to portray a commitment to the professional course they are pursuing with the intention of qualifying within the shortest possible time. This interview assesses the candidates communication skills, intelligence, and confidence. The interviewers must also be convinced that the candidate has the personality to fit into the KPMG Sierra Leone structure. Thereafter, a training program is run for Trainee Accountants by three (3) Audit professionals to get them familiarized with KPMG Audit methodology. Interns As part of KPMG Sierra Leones co-operate responsibilities, they offer internships/placement for graduates from recognized universities and polytechnics. This program should be over within three (3) months. To be eligible for the Internship Program, candidates must be in their third (3) year and possess a good predicated grade in their undergraduate degree with plans to pursue a career in audit, tax or advisory services. Administrators Secretaries For the administrative staff and secretaries at KPMG Sierra Leone, an informal method of recruitment is usually used through the form of personal recommendation, often referred to as word of mouth. Those applicants who are suitable are then interviewed by the HR head and the partner, which is a very common form of selection. Thereafter, an appointment letter is sent to the suitable candidate detailing the terms and conditions of service and the salary attached to the position. The employee is required to return a signed copy of this agreement on commencement of work. 3.6 RESULTS FROM ANALYSIS From the overall framework, structure and organisation of KPMG Sierra Leone I would say the management and staffing of employees in this subsidiary is using the Polycentric approach, due to the fact that top management staff consists of host country nationals (HCNs) who are nationals of Sierra Leone and who are recruited and selected to manage the subsidiary, as at time of writing this paper, there are no expatriates working at KPMG Sierra Leone, the company is administered by the partners (nationals of Sierra Leone) who are responsible for strategic decisions of KPMG Sierra Leone, which implies that the top management at KPMG Sierra Leone i.e. partners understands the desires and corporate vision of KPMG headquarters. The Regiocentric approach is also used by KPMG Sierra Leone, because some staff are transferred within the same geographic region, som

The Count Of Monte Cristo :: essays research papers

The Count of Monte Cristo The Count of Monte Cristo, written by Alexandre Dumas, tells the story of a man, Edmond Dantes, a sailor who goes through being betrayed by his enemies and thrown in to a dark prison cell to planning revenge on his enemies. His behavior and personality changes after spending 14 years in jail for a crime that he didn’t commit. Edmond Dantes was thrown in jail ,after being framed by his enemies, accused of committing treason and being a bonapartist. The story takes place during the Napoleonic Era while the usurper, Napoleon has escaped to his place of exile, the Isle of Elba, located in the Mediterranean Sea. The story of Edmond Dantes starts out as him being a sailor, aboard the Pharaon; he’s soon to become captain of the ship. Monsieur Morrel is the name of the owner of the Pharaon and a great friend of Dantes. He treats Edmond with great respect. There’s also a little special lady in Dantes life, the beautiful and wonderful Mercedes. A dream job and a dream wife, who could possibly want more? His dream soon becomes shattered by three of his enemies, Danglars, Fernand, and Caderousse. As these three people plot against Edmond, he is about to become married to the beautiful Mercedes. On his wedding day, his betrothal feast was interrupted when the police came barging through the door and arrested Edmond Dantes. Dantes was accused of giving a letter to the usurper while the Pharaon stopped on the Isle of Elba and returning a letter from the usurper to the Bonapartist party in Paris. After his arrest, Edmond was interrogated and questioned by the public prosecutor, Monsieur de Villefort. During the interrogation Villefort promised Edmond freedom, but that was before Monsieur de Villefort read the letter from the usurper addressed to Monsieur Noirtier, Villefort’s father. Edmond Dantes was sent to prison. Edmond Dantes imprisonment made a huge impact on his life. He spent 14 years in the dark and quiet Chateau d’If. During those 14 years he met a priest, Abbe Faria, which they met each other through a secret tunnel in which they both have created while in prison. An amazing transformation takes place in Edmond Dantes as he learns about his enemies and a large hidden treasure that contains a large sum of money. Abbe Faria is a very smart man, while in prison he taught Dantes many useful knowledge including the whereabouts of a large treasure located on the Isle of Monte Cristo.

Modernism in Two Poems by Marianne Moore

Introductionâ€Å"The most serious poetry today is still modernist. Modernism in literature is not easily  summarized, but the key elements are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism, and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects† (Wills 24). To some extent, Marianne Moore's poems The Fish and A Grave really follow the discussed modernist principles, but it is difficult to agree that Moore completely denies emotiveness and replaces it with modernist cerebral attributes. As a result, it is possible to assume that The Fish and A Grave are the two examples of non-traditional modernist writing, in which experimentation, realism, and individualism are combined with unusual writing techniques, complicated poem structure, and extreme emotiveness.To start with, The Fish and A Grave display vivid similarities in the tone of writing, and the use of similar images. â€Å"The barnacles which encrust the side of the wave† in The Fish are evidently similar and are almost parallel to â€Å"the blades of the oars / moving together like the feet of water-spiders† in A Grave: the unpleasant and almost tragic character of water in both poems is critical to understanding the modernist implications of both poetic works. However, in order to completely realize the scope and meaning of Moore's modernist verses, we should analyze each poem separately.â€Å"Repeated / evidence has proved that it can live / on what cannot revive / its youth. The sea grows old in it† (Moore 32). This is where we face the complicatedness and incomprehension of modernist poetry. What did Moore want to say with this passage? Is it that she imagined nature in its full purposefulness which was not characteristic of traditional classical poetry? It is more probable that a thirty-year-old poet was striving to express her sympathies with the nature, which she persistently viewed as deeply abused.The description of nature's violence, its wholeness, the sea as the sou rce of physical injury and actually a threat to a human life – these are the signs of modernism in Moore's writing. Having depicted nature as the threat of violence, Moore risked causing misinterpretation of the literary and sensual implications in The Fish. For many of those who have read The Fish, violence in poetry may initially seem inappropriate and confusing. Yet this is not a reader's mistake: Moore was really trying to show the nature in its power which bordered on violence against human beings. â€Å"The water drives a wedge / of iron through the iron edge / of the cliff†, and the â€Å"external marks of abuse† (Moore 32) is the combination of nature's violence and the violence against nature; it is the combination of the two incompatible elements, which is the distinguishing feature of poetic modernism.The modernism of The Fish is in that Moore was actually trying to combine the incompatible images, allusions, implications, and ideas. The initially inc ompatible conjunction of accidental and purposeful is another distinguishing feature of modernism in Moore's poem. Criticizing Moore's works, Heuving writes that â€Å"it should not be surprising that ‘the chasm side is dead', but if the chasm side is dead, ravaged as it clearly has been by the force of water it contains, how does it live on the barnacles that adhere to its surface? Why does the sea, clearly the most active and powerful force in this scene, grow old within this teeming shelter?† (29)Moore neither answers these questions, nor provides the reader with a single opportunity to find these answers anywhere else within the poem. The reader finds himself in the slow motion of the undersea world, with which he is hardly familiar, and which seems even more threatening and complicated through Moore's descriptions: â€Å"All / external / marks of abuse are present on this / defiant edifice† (Moore 32).Moore writes her poem in a way to create an image of sini ster beauty of the sea she describes. The rhythm of her poetic lines does not break the smooth and threatening movement of the undersea. The eight stanzas of the poem display the evident and easily noticeable repetition of the consonants, as if waves create a cyclic sound pattern. â€Å"Whereupon the stars, /   pink, / rice-grains, ink-/ bespattered jelly fish, crabs like green / lilies and submarine /   toadstools, slide each on the other† (Moore 32).While the sea is the central image in The Fish, A Grave is the expression of Moore's impossibility to see this sea. Some â€Å"man looking into the sea† seems to close â€Å"the view from those who have as much right to it as / you have it to yourself† (Moore 49). A Grave is frequently interpreted as the expression of Moore's feminism: â€Å"Moore calls attention to two difficulties here: the problem of seeking through a man, including a man's viewpoint, and the related problem of establishing herself as a cen tered speaker when she cannot stand ‘in the middle of this' (Wills 110). However, modernism of A Grave is not in its feminist expressions, but rather in the opacity of its meanings and the confusion of various symbolic implications similar to those in The Fish.Modernism in poetry is invariably linked to difficulties of interpretation, and these interpretation difficulties and ambiguities are evident in both The Fish and A Grave. Moore has been extremely individual in her modernist expressions, and the poetic structure of A Grave again suggests that poetic modernism may and probably should exist in the area of extreme emotions. The sense of crisis makes both poems similarly modernist: the description of nature and its scenes are central to both poems, and it is very probable that Moore seeks resolution of her crisis in those natural sceneries.â€Å"The wrinkles progress among themselves in a phalanx – beautiful / under networks of foam, / and fade breathlessly while the sea rustles in and out of the / seaweed† (Moore 49). The two poems seem to create a single line of nature's threat and power. This â€Å"violent† line of nature is developed in The Fish, where Moore emphasizes the threat of nature towards a man; this line of nature's abuse reaches its climax in A Grave, where Moore asserts that â€Å"the sea has nothing to give but a well excavated grave† (Moore 49).The rhythm of Moore's A Grave is another display of modernism in her poetry. Moore seems to treat her rhythms and stanzas with almost painful desire to keep the rhyme. The reader is frequently obsessed by an impression that the rhythm of the poem prevails over its meaning. Yet, modernist writings are traditionally characterized by unusual and often difficult rhymes. The combination of complex stanzas with complicated meanings and literary implications makes certain works of modernist writing completely incomprehensible.This is not the case with Marianne Moore. Each l ine makes the rhymes enervated, and creates an unusual combination of the sea's threat and immobility: â€Å"the birds swim through the air at top sped, emitting cat-calls [†¦] and the ocean, under the pulsation of lighthouses and noise of / bell-buoys, / advances as usual, looking as if it wee not that ocean in which / dropped things are bound to sink† (Moore 49). The heavy contrast in this passage creates the impression of a deceptive revelation: one might think that the sea and its threats were unreal and were produced by an ill mind.However, it is a surface feeling: a Man and the sea are real. The word â€Å"consciousness† with which Moore concludes her poem, is the ultimate expression of her position against the described Man and against the sea as the grave for humanity. â€Å"Moore reserves her climactic position for the quality of attentiveness to self and to ‘other' which is her highest aesthetic and moral value, while giving her sea the last word, the last hiss† (Martin 63).ConclusionPoetic modernism was traditionally viewed as the combination of several critical attributes: poetic individualism, self-expression, complicatedness of writing, and emotional indifference. Moore has completely denied these approaches: poetic modernism cannot live without emotions. On the contrary, Moore's modernism in itself stems from the climactic emotions the poet wanted to express and to deliver to her reader. Poetic modernism of Marianne Moore is something more than the self-expression and the description of individualistic regressions. In Moore's hands modernism becomes global, challenging, and almost revolutionary. For many of us the sea and its threats will look as the end of everything, A Grave for humanity; yet, in Moore's vision it is only the beginning of everything that is meaningful to a person.Works CitedHeuving, J. Omissions Are Not Accidents: Gender in the Art of Marianne Moore. Detroit,Wayne State, 1992.Martin, T. Marianne Moore: Subversive Modernist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.Moore, M. â€Å"A Grave†. In M. Moore, Complete Poems, Penguin Classics, 1994, p. 49.Moore. M. â€Å"The Fish†. In M. Moore, Complete Poems, Penguin Classics, 1994, pp. 32.Wills, P. Marianne Moore: Woman and Poet. National Poetry Foundation, Inc., 1990. Modernism In Two Poems By Marianne Moore Marianne Moore was one of the eminent poetesses of the Modern times. An integral contributor to the modern American literature, Moore’s poetry is considered as a linkage between nature and the human world. She alludes to scientific and historical knowledge and tries to evade literary allusions to prevent her from being casted as a stereo-type. Her poems are full of keen observations and generally hold up the images of birds, butterflies, animals, landscapes of England and New York. She is a â€Å"literalist of the imagination† who can â€Å"present for inspection†¦imaginary gardens with real toads in them.†In A Grave, Moore begins with a meditation on the impossibility of seeing the sea, when a â€Å"Man looking into the sea† takes â€Å"the view from those who have as much right to it as you have to it yourself.† Moore calls attention to two difficulties here: the problem of seeing â€Å"through† a man, including a man's viewpoint, and the related problem of establishing herself as a centered speaker when she cannot stand â€Å"in the middle of this.† Moore's depiction of the sea correspondingly emphasizes its opacity over its translucency and its surface activities over its symbolic meanings.While Moore may well have written this poem out of a personal crisis that involved thoughts of suicide, the speaker reminds herself that to seek relief in the sea is not to be mirrored in any improved way or to be freed of her. The speaker works her way out of her crisis by establishing and confronting the actuality or literality of the sea and of death, and her difference from them. The sea interestingly, in Moore's poem is not a reflective object but a grave. Also, it is man’s careful acts, that is, his surface activities that save him and not his self- projections. Men â€Å"lowering nets† unconsciously â€Å"desecrate this grave,† â€Å"as if there were no such thing as death,† the speak er of this poem, conscious of the ultimate meaning of penetrating the depths of the sea, trains her vision to the surface:â€Å"The wrinkles progress among themselves in a phalanx—beautiful under networks of foam  the tortoise-shell scourges about the feet of the cliffs, inmotion beneath them;†The end of the poem marks its intensity. Unlike the exposition, the last lines of the lyric compel us to view the surroundings and not just concentrate on the opacity of the sea surface. A forced consciousness of the meditation on the outer scene is emphasized by the poetess. The sound of birds and bell-buoys make â€Å"noises† which break the ambience of a visual representation of the situation. The poem resolves with its initial perspective of assuming something as what it is not and an intrigue picture of the ocean’s opacity in the concluding lines:â€Å"and the ocean, under the pulsation of lighthouse and noise of  bell buoys,  advances as usual, looking as if it were not that ocean in  which dropped things are bound to sink—  in which if they turn and twist, it is neither with volition nor  consciousness.†For Moore, in A Grave, meditation on the sea becomes meditation on the limits of human power and human language, and immersion, literal or figurative, threatens dissolution. â€Å"Death† is the central theme of the poem with an under cutting allusion to Moore's own brother’s death. Many critics have tried to see the poem in the light of Moore’s feminist voice. In the poem, as many critics believe, Moore defines the male dominium and tries to break it with her strong and persuasive words. A grave is a place where dead things are put to rest, but Moore's A Grave is a locus of vital and challenging re-vision.The poems of Marianne Moore have arguments, often difficult to follow but always worth the effort. Distrustful of overt emotion, her poems rely on understatement and reserve to create it, a s in the simple What are Years? or the penetrating A Grave. What Are Years? is a stellar lyric which ends by paradoxically equating a bird's joyful song with both mortality and eternity? Both the poems have a dominating â€Å"sea imagery†. The tone of morality in both the poems is unsurpassable. The genesis of these poems can be owed to the World War II. These two poems are typical of Moore’s. These are not meant for the pleasure of reflection.They refuse to be simpler than the world is and make more sense when read again and again until one understands the perspective for which they are written. Moore exploits imagery and visuals from the nature and embeds them in her poems. The linking of morality with a bird in What are Years? is quite similar to the theme of death and survival in A Grave. The poems deal with the strong imagery of the sea-how in one poem it is â€Å"continuing† and in the other, â€Å"the sea is a collector, quick to return a rapacious look. † The imagery of bird or flying is also present in both the poems.This imagery is evident to prove the aspiration of the speaker to be free and boundless. In both the poems, Moore indicates the sea’s power to erode and destroy; strongly alluded in A Grave and subtly done in What are Years. A deep penetration of this concept might find it’s parallel to the society and humanity- the dominium of man over everything and his struggle to free himself. This idea or concept might be traced to the World War aftermath. The vulnerability of the society and the deterioration was enough to evoke the modernist flame inside Moore to conceptualize the social, political and economical conditions into a poetic expression.Many American poets see Moore as one of the monuments of modernism, up there with Robert Frost and Wallace Stevens. Vision and viewpoint, an integral quality of modernist poets is present in the poems of Moore as well. She once wrote that poems were â€Å"imagina ry gardens with real toads in them.† Her poems are conversational, yet elaborate and subtle in their syllabic versification, drawing upon extremely precise description and historical and scientific fact. A â€Å"poet's poet,† she influenced such later poets as her young friend Elizabeth Bishop. A Grave â€Å"offered Bishop, as it offers us, an example of how a woman well-versed in the literary tradition, rather than capitulating to the convention of female silence, can wield that tradition and write her own eloquent verses.†To conclude, in the words of eminent literary critic, Jeredith Merrin, â€Å"Her ocean/grave represents death, humanity's common enemy, and yet her sea as re-former of inherited poetic patterns acts too as Nature's and Woman's ally. The heavy sibilance throughout Moore's poem (in all versions) reminds us of Satan, of the serpentine and treacherous ladies of Romantic poetry, of the actual foaming ocean that advances and retreats over the shing le of land, and of mortality which menaces and circumscribes our lives.But with her insistent sound-play–e.g., â€Å"you cannot stand in the middle of this†; â€Å"repression. . . is not the most obvious characteristic of the sea†; â€Å"their bones have not lasted†Ã¢â‚¬â€œMoore also hisses back at Man, and at the arrogant male poet in particular, who arrogates to himself dominion, who is always trying â€Å"to stand in the middle of a thing.† By choosing to conclude her poem with the word â€Å"consciousness,† Moore reserves that climactic position for the quality of attentiveness to self and to â€Å"other† which is her highest aesthetic and moral value, while giving her sea (as retributive force) the last word, the last hiss.†ReferencesMarianne Moorehttp://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/96On Marianne Moore's Life and Career http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/moore/life.htmMarianne (Craig) Moore (1887-1972) http://www.k irjasto.sci.fi/mmoor.htmTHE POEMS OF MARIANNE MOORE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DE1F3FF937A35752C0A9629C8B63 The Collected Essays and Criticism -By Clement Greenberg, Johnhttp://books.google.com/books?id=N5yfxzOr4j8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22what+are+years%22&source=web&ots=8EvqzAyM3v&sig=pchzURGxqaSTHBL3I-kmOagGf-g#PPA85,M1

A Beginners Guide to Ruby Programming Language

A Beginners Guide to Ruby Programming Language Ruby is unique among object-oriented scripting languages. In a sense, its a purists language for those who love object-oriented languages. Everything, without exception, is automatically an object, whereas in other programming languages this isnt true. What is an object? Well, in a sense you can think of it in terms of building a car. If you have a blueprint for it, then an object is whats built from that blueprint. It contains all the attributes that the object holds (i.e. make, model, color) and the actions it can perform. But, even as a pure object-oriented language, Ruby doesnt sacrifice any usability or flexibility by leaving out features that arent expressly related to object-oriented programming. Designing Ruby Rubys architect Yukihiro Matsumoto (known simply as Matz on the web) designed the language to be simple enough for beginning programmers to use while also powerful enough for experienced programmers to have all the tools theyd need. It sounds contradictory, but this dichotomy is owed to Rubys pure object-oriented design and Matzs careful selection of features from other languages such as Perl, Smalltalk, and Lisp. There are libraries for building all types of applications with Ruby: XML parsers, GUI bindings, networking protocols, game libraries and more. Ruby programmers also have access to the powerful RubyGems program. Comparable to Perls CPAN, RubyGems makes it easy to import other programmers libraries into your own programs. What Is Ruby Not? Like any programming language, Ruby has its downsides. Its not a high-performance programming language. In that regard, Pythons virtual machine design has a huge advantage. Also, if youre not a fan of the object-oriented methodology then Ruby isnt for you. Though Ruby does have some features that fall outside the realm of object-oriented languages, its not possible to create a non-trivial Ruby program without using the object-oriented features. Ruby doesnt always perform as well as other similar scripting languages in raw computing tasks. That being said, future versions will address these problems and alternate implementations, such as JRuby, are available as a workaround for these issues. How Is Ruby Used? Ruby is used in typical scripting language applications such as text processing and glue or middleware programs. Its suitable for small, ad-hoc scripting tasks that, in the past, may have been solved with Perl. Writing small programs with Ruby is as easy as importing the modules you need and writing an almost BASIC-like sequence of events type of program. Like Perl, Ruby also has first-class regular expressions, which makes text processing scripts a snap to write. The flexible syntax also aides in small scripts. With some object-oriented languages, you can get bogged down with verbose and bulky code, but Ruby leaves you free to simply worry about your script. Ruby is also suitable for larger software systems. Its most successful application is in the Ruby on Rails web framework, software which has five major subsystems, numerous minor pieces and a plethora of support scripts, database backends, and libraries. To aid the creation of larger systems, Ruby offers several layers of compartmentalization, including the class and module. Its lack of superfluous features allows programmers to write and use large software systems without any surprises. What Skills Would Be Helpful for Learning Ruby? A solid understanding of object-oriented concepts. Ruby is an object-oriented language and the object-oriented features are used throughout. Without this critical skill, youll be struggling as a Ruby programmer.A bit of functional programming knowledge. This is a plus as Ruby uses the block or closure extensively. Not having this ability isnt insurmountable, though. Creating blocks is a feature that can be learned easily enough while learning Ruby.A bit of navigational know-how. The primary way of running a Ruby script is from the command-line. Knowing how to navigate directories, run scripts and redirect input and output are essential skills to Ruby programmers. Applications and Tools Needed for Ruby The Ruby interpreterA text editor such as Notepad, Scite, or Vim. Word processors such as Wordpad or Microsoft Word are not suitable.Command-line access. Though the details of this differ from platform to platform, Linux, Windows, and OSX all have this available without any extra downloads or software installation.

What Is A Good SAT Essay Score

What Is A Good SAT Essay Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips SAT Essay scoring can be tricky to figure out. Maybe you've already created target goals for your SAT score, following our guide, so you at least have that score goal set. But where does your essay score fit into all this? What is a good SAT essay score? This article will answer those questions. Note: The information in this article is for the old (pre-March-2016) SAT essay, which was scored out of 12 and part of the Writing section. Scores for the March 2016 SAT were only released May 10th, 2016, which means that data on percentiles and averages aren't going to be available for a while yet. We'll update this article as soon as the information comes out. feature image credit: Doing Great by Eli Christman, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. What Is the SAT Essay Out Of? Before you can know what a good SAT essay score is, you need to know how many points you can get total on the essay. So what's the SAT essay out of? Currently, the SAT essay is scored on a scale of 1 to 6 by two graders, for a total essay score out of 12. Your essay is scored holistically, which means you don’t get bumped down to a certain essay grade if you make, for instance, a certain number of comma errors. Instead, SAT essay scorers use the SAT essay rubric to grade your essay as a whole. Note: SAT essay scoring will change beginning with the March 2016 SAT. For more information on that change, read our other articles on the new SAT essay prompts and the new SAT essay. What Is a Good SAT Essay Score? As with most things on the SAT, a good essay score depends on what your goals are. These goals should be concrete and determined by the colleges you’re applying to - after all, if your reach schools have an average essay score of 9, then there's no need to burn yourself out trying to get that elusive 12. To some extent, your essay score goal will also be influenced by your performance on the multiple choice section of SAT Writing. If you do better on multiple-choice questions, you may be able to cut yourself some slack in the essay department. But how do figure out what your SAT Writing (and SAT essay) goals should be? Use our three-step process, explained below. Step 1: Know Your Target SAT Writing Score If you’ve read our free ebook on calculating your target SAT score, you may already have figured out your target SAT Writing score. If not, it's time to calculate it! I'll walk through the process using the example of Virginia Commonwealth Unversity. First, download this worksheet. It's designed for calculating your target SAT score out of 2400, so you'll have to modify it a little bit. Fill in the schools you want to apply to in the leftmost column. Here's what the worksheet will look like for Virginia Commonwealth University: Next, google "[name of school] average SAT writing" to get the middle 50% of all SAT Writing scores. For instance, if you're interested in Virginia Commonwealth University, you'd do the following search: There'll usually be a collegeapps.about.com link that has this information. Sometimes (as you can see above) the college website will also pop up, so you can use that to double-check your numbers. You're looking for the 25th and 75th percentile scores on the SAT Writing section. A quick refresher on what "percentile scores" mean: 25th percentile means that 25% of the students attending have a score at or below that number (below average). The 75th percentile means that 75% of students have a score at or below that number (above average). In essence, the 25th/75th percentile score range covers the middle 50% of all students admitted to Virginia Commonwealth University. If the sites don’t list a specific SAT Writing score range, you can divide the top and bottom of the overall SAT score range by 3 to get a general idea of what your Writing score needs to be. In this case, there is information about the SAT Writing score range, so we can fill that in on the worksheet: Do the same for all of the schools you want to apply to. Include dream or â€Å"reach† schools, but don’t include â€Å"safety schools† (schools you think you have at least a 90% chance of getting into). Once you've filled in the information for all of the schools you want to apply to, average the 25th percentile and 75th percentile columns, then choose a target SAT Writing score with that information. As it says on the worksheet, we recommend that you take the 75th percentile score as your target SAT Writing score. It'll give you a very strong chance of getting into the schools you’ve listed. If you’re applying to humanities programs, you may even want to consider a higher score target for SAT Writing. Step 2: Find an Official SAT Writing Score Chart The next step is to take a look at an SAT Writing score chart to find out the range of essay scores that will get you your target SAT Writing score. The chart will differ in precise score differences from test to test, but it can at least give you a broad idea of the range. Let's say that your target SAT Writing score is 576 (rounded up to 580). I've highlighted this in green in the following SAT Writing score chart (from an official SAT practice test): Writing MC Raw Score Essay Raw Score 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 49 800 800 800 800 790 760 750 730 720 710 690 680 48 800 800 780 770 750 720 710 690 680 670 650 640 47 790 770 760 740 720 700 680 660 650 640 630 620 46 770 750 740 720 700 680 660 650 630 620 610 600 45 750 740 720 710 690 660 650 630 620 610 590 580 44 740 730 710 690 670 650 630 620 600 590 580 570 43 730 710 700 680 660 640 620 600 590 580 560 550 42 720 700 680 670 650 630 610 590 580 570 550 540 41 700 690 670 660 640 610 600 580 570 560 540 530 40 690 680 660 650 630 600 590 570 560 550 530 520 39 690 670 650 640 620 590 580 560 550 540 520 510 38 680 660 640 630 610 590 570 550 540 530 510 500 37 670 650 640 620 600 580 560 540 530 520 500 490 36 660 640 630 610 590 570 550 530 520 510 490 490 35 650 640 620 600 580 560 540 530 510 500 490 480 34 640 630 610 590 570 550 530 520 510 490 480 470 33 630 620 600 590 570 540 530 510 500 490 470 460 32 630 610 600 580 560 540 520 500 490 480 460 450 31 620 600 590 570 550 530 510 500 480 470 460 450 30 610 600 580 560 540 520 500 490 480 460 450 440 29 610 590 570 560 540 520 500 480 470 460 440 430 28 600 580 570 550 530 510 490 470 460 450 430 420 27 590 580 560 540 520 500 480 470 450 440 430 420 26 580 570 550 540 510 490 480 460 450 440 420 410 25 580 560 550 530 510 490 470 450 440 430 410 400 24 570 550 540 520 500 480 460 450 430 420 410 400 23 560 550 530 510 490 470 450 440 430 410 400 390 22 560 540 520 510 490 470 450 430 420 410 390 380 21 550 530 520 500 480 460 440 420 410 400 380 380 20 540 530 510 490 470 450 430 420 400 390 380 370 19 530 520 500 490 470 440 430 410 400 390 370 360 18 530 510 500 480 460 440 420 400 390 380 360 350 17 520 500 490 470 450 430 410 400 380 370 360 350 16 510 500 480 470 440 420 400 390 380 360 350 340 15 510 490 470 460 440 420 400 380 370 360 340 330 14 500 480 470 450 430 410 390 370 360 350 330 330 13 490 480 460 440 420 400 380 370 350 340 330 320 12 480 470 450 440 410 390 380 360 350 340 320 310 11 480 460 440 430 410 390 370 350 340 330 310 300 10 470 450 440 420 400 380 360 340 330 320 300 300 9 460 450 430 410 390 370 350 340 320 310 300 290 8 450 440 420 400 380 360 340 330 320 300 290 280 7 440 430 410 400 380 350 340 320 310 300 280 270 6 440 420 400 390 370 350 330 310 300 290 270 260 5 430 410 390 380 360 340 320 300 290 280 260 250 4 420 400 380 370 350 330 310 290 280 270 250 240 3 410 390 370 360 340 320 300 280 270 260 240 230 2 390 380 360 350 320 300 290 270 260 250 230 220 1 380 370 350 330 310 290 270 260 240 230 220 210 0 370 350 340 320 300 280 260 240 230 220 200 200 -1 350 340 320 300 280 260 240 230 210 200 200 200 -2 340 320 300 290 270 250 230 210 200 200 200 200 -3 320 300 290 270 250 230 210 200 200 200 200 200 -4 and below 310 300 280 260 240 220 200 200 200 200 200 200 As you can see in the chart above, there are theoretically over ten ways to get a 580 on SAT Writing, with anywhere from a 25-46 multiple-choice raw score and a 0-12 essay score. But is it really realistic to expect to score a 12 on the SAT essay if your multiple-choice raw score is only a 25? Probably not. In 2015, the average SAT Writing score was a 484, and the average SAT essay score was a 7 (data from the CollegeBoard; for more on this, read our upcoming article on average SAT Writing scores). Based on this information (and on an official practice SAT Writing score chart), we've created a table of realistic essay scores you can expect to achieve if you're scoring in a certain range: SAT Writing Score Range Realistic Essay Score 200-340 4 or below 340-440 5 440-540 6 540-640 7 640-740 8 740-800 9 or above So while you can get a 580 on SAT Writing with an essay score from 0-12, you're more likely to do so if you can score a 7 or above on the essay. Step Three: Take a Timed SAT Writing Section and Score It The final step is to see what your multiple choice score is now so that you know how much prep time you'll have to put in. To do this, you'll need to take a timed SAT Writing section and calculate your multiple-choice raw score. The best way to get a realistic idea of what your raw multiple-choice Writing score is would be to take a full-length practice test (because it’ll give you an idea of how tired you get from the other sections and how you deal with switching back and forth). If you don't have the time to do this, just take the Writing sections from an official SAT practice test, adhering to the time limits. How do you calculate your multiple-choice raw Writing score? Use the following equation: Your raw score = (# of questions you got right - # of questions you got wrong x 0.25) For example, if you answered 34 (out of49) questions right, skipped 7, and got 8 questions wrong, your raw score would be: 34 – (8 x .25) = 34 – 2 = 32 With a raw score of 32, you can get anything from a 450 to a 630 on SAT Writing, depending on your essay score. If you stay at the same multiple-choice raw score, you'll need an essay score of 9 or above to make your target Writing score of 580. This is a tough essay score to get for anyone, especially considering the average essay score for 2015 was a 7. As you increase your multiple-choice raw score, the essay score needed to get your target score will drop. To use the example from before, if you're aiming for an SAT Writing score of 580, a realistic essay score would be a 7; according to the SAT Writing score chart above, this means you'll need to increase your raw multiple-choice score to a 37 (a far more manageable goal for most students than raising their essay scores to a 9). Actions To Take Figure out your target SAT Writing score, using the worksheet above. Use an SAT Writing scoring scale to figure out the essay grade you’ll need to shoot for to make your target SAT Writing score. Figure out how you’re doing on the Writing multiple choice questions and how much you need to improve (both on the multiple-choice questions and on the essay) to meet your SAT Writing score goal. What’s Next? Get the inside scoop on what really goes on behind the scenes with our strategies based on interviews with real essay graders. Can you write a high-scoring SAT essay in less than a page? Discover how essay length affects your score in this article. Still confused about how the SAT essay is scored? Try our article that explains the official SAT essay scoring policy and what strategies you should use to take advantage of it. Curious about how well everyone does on the SAT essay? Read our article to find out what’s an average SAT essay score. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this SAT Essay lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get your SAT essays hand-graded by a master instructor who will give you customized feedback on how you can improve. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: